EVALUATING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The movement of individuals within a country's borders, known as internally displaced persons (IDPs), has garnered both political and scientific interest. The significance of IDPs for peace, stability, and security is a topic of discussion in global forums. The Global Trends report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR, 2019) reveals that in 2015, a staggering 65.3 million individuals, equivalent to one person in 113, experienced displacement. Among them, approximately 34 million were internally displaced persons (IDPs). Nearly 70% of individuals were forced to leave their homes as a result of natural hazards or disasters. Put simply, a significant portion of the worldwide internal displacement can be attributed to environmental factors. More than half of these internally displaced persons (IDPs) are situated in approximately 20 countries across the African continent, with the greatest number found in East and Central Africa (OCHA, 2022). These figures highlight the urgent and pressing issue of international and internally displaced environmental refugees, which is considered one of the most critical human crises of our era (OCHA, 2022). Until recently, though, they have been seen as a minor issue.

One reason why IDPs in general, and internally displaced environmental refugees in particular, have not garnered as much attention as international refugees is due to the fact that the latter often capture media focus and, being covered by the United Nations (UN) Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, are adequately safeguarded (Akin et al., 2022). On the other hand, IDPs reside within the authority of their respective State and, in theory, enjoy equal rights as other individuals (Akin et al., 2022). However, internal displacement often leads to extremely difficult circumstances, despite the UN's recommendations that these individuals should be granted the same rights and responsibilities as other citizens (Khan et al., 2019).

Internally displaced persons are individuals who are compelled to leave their homes or places of residence due to circumstances beyond their control (Ahmed, 2017). The United Nations Guiding Principles on IDP‟s offers a clear understanding of who IDPs are - people who are forced to leave their homes or habitual residences due to various reasons such as armed conflict, widespread violence, human rights abuses, or natural or man-made disasters. It is worth mentioning that these individuals have not crossed an internationally recognized state border, as stated in the UNHCR's Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement in 2015.

Cameroon has witnessed a range of internal displacement caused by various conflict dynamics. The ongoing Anglophone crisis, which started in 2016, has caused significant internal displacement. This conflict arose from concerns within the Anglophone regions about feelings of being marginalized and having limited political representation (Fru, 2020). The government's response, marked by forceful military interventions, has worsened the crisis, resulting in a considerable number of civilians being displaced (Habila, 2021). Forced displacement is often accompanied by a multitude of challenges that are inherent to its existence. This human construct inevitably gives rise to a multitude of challenges, including issues with housing, poverty, inadequate nutrition, and subpar health conditions, among others. These challenges pose a threat to the welfare of internally displaced persons, particularly when they have established themselves in their new homes. In this analysis, Christelle Cazabat (2020) sheds light on the challenging circumstances faced by internally displaced persons (IDPs). These individuals often endure worsening living conditions, inadequate housing, and declining health, with security being the only aspect that shows some improvement compared to their former homes, which have now turned into a battleground (Cazabat, 2020). When it comes to Cameroon's situation with the Boko Haram Insurgency in the Far North region and the Anglophone conflict in the two English speaking regions, the IDPs of these conflicts are confronted with significant challenges. These challenges have the potential to become a ticking time bomb if not effectively addressed.

The socio-economic implications of internal displacement are complex and far-reaching. Displaced populations frequently encounter significant disruptions in their socio-economic lives, resulting in enduring consequences for both individuals and the wider society (Marcus et al., 2019). Displaced individuals frequently face a substantial decrease in their economic prosperity. Many individuals face the unfortunate circumstance of losing their livelihoods and having to depend on humanitarian aid. As per the International Organization for Migration (IOM, 2022), individuals who have been displaced in Cameroon often face challenges when it comes to finding employment, which further increases their vulnerability. The disruption of agricultural activities, a field of study that focusses on the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock, has significant consequences for many individuals who rely on it as their main source of income. This disruption not only intensifies the problem of food insecurity but also contributes to economic instability (Tchamba, 2021). Internal displacement has a significant impact on the health and education sectors. Displaced individuals frequently face challenges in accessing healthcare services, resulting in compromised health outcomes. The insufficiency of proper healthcare facilities and the interruption of health services in conflict zones result in increased morbidity and mortality rates among displaced populations (Nanga, 2023). Similarly, the education of children is severely impacted by displacement, as many displaced students are unable to access formal education due to the destruction of schools and the scarcity of educational resources (Ewang, 2021).

The psychosocial impacts of displacement can be quite severe, as those who are displaced often endure trauma, stress, and a feeling of insecurity. The psychological impact of displacement can have lasting effects on individuals of all ages, hindering their ability to recover and rebuild their lives (Ndi, 2022). Instability in living conditions and exposure to violence or loss are factors that contribute to these mental health challenges. The Cameroonian government, in collaboration with several international organizations, has been actively working to tackle the issue of internal displacement. Humanitarian aid, such as food assistance, shelter, and medical care, has been extended to displaced populations (UNHCR, 2022). Nevertheless, there are still obstacles to overcome in order to ensure that assistance reaches those who require it and in tackling the underlying factors behind displacement. Efficient response strategies necessitate collaboration among national and international entities to guarantee that displaced populations receive comprehensive assistance and that long-term solutions are pursued (Kouadio, 2021). The socio-economic consequences of internal displacement in Cameroon are substantial and diverse, impacting both the displaced individuals and the communities that host them, as well as the overall socio-economic environment. This study seeks to offer a thorough evaluation of these implications, providing valuable insights that could guide policy responses and humanitarian strategies.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Internal displacement in Cameroon has become a significant concern, with wide-ranging socio-economic consequences. The nation has experienced a notable increase in internal displacement as a result of ongoing conflicts, specifically in the Anglophone regions. The violence and civil unrest have compelled numerous individuals to flee their homes (International Crisis Group, 2023). This phenomenon presents significant challenges that impact not just the displaced populations, but also the host communities and the wider socio-economic landscape of the nation.

The economic impact of internal displacement is significant, as it disrupts the livelihoods of those who have been displaced while also putting a strain on the resources of the communities that host them. Displaced individuals frequently find themselves without homes, land, or sources of income, forcing them to rely on humanitarian assistance or informal employment to make ends meet. Displacement has a significant impact on access to education, healthcare, and other essential services, which further exacerbates the economic difficulties faced by those affected (UNHCR, 2020). Often, the unfortunate consequence of being displaced is the loss of income and the resulting rise in poverty and food insecurity. This situation further exposes displaced families, especially women and children, to greater vulnerability. This ongoing cycle of poverty poses a significant threat to both the welfare of the displaced populations and the overall socio-economic stability of the nation.

The host communities are greatly affected by the arrival of IDPs. The influx of a significant number of displaced individuals frequently puts a strain on the existing local infrastructure and social services, such as healthcare, education, and housing. The strain on resources can create tensions between IDPs and host communities, as the competition for limited resources becomes more intense (UNICEF, 2020). Furthermore, the rapid growth in population within urban centers and rural areas can lead to overcrowding, resulting in substandard living conditions and heightened vulnerability to health hazards. The difficulties presented by internal displacement have a detrimental impact on the government's ability to promote sustainable development in Cameroon. The allocation of resources becomes a challenge as the government strives to support both displaced populations and the host communities. The socio-economic impact of internal displacement goes beyond immediate economic challenges to encompass social disintegration. Displacement can lead to the erosion of family and community structures, which are crucial for fostering social support and resilience. Displaced individuals, especially women and children, face a higher risk of exploitation, such as forced labor, child marriage, and human trafficking (OCHA, 2021). The absence of social networks, along with the distress of being uprooted, has significant consequences for the cohesion of communities, leading to enduring instability and unrest.

Despite the seriousness of these socio-economic challenges, there has been a lack of research and policy attention given to the wider consequences of internal displacement in Cameroon. Many interventions have prioritized the provision of immediate humanitarian aid, including food, shelter, and healthcare, without adequately considering the long-term socio-economic consequences of displacement. Consequently, numerous displaced populations find themselves stuck in never-ending cycles of poverty, struggling to find avenues for self-sufficiency and economic empowerment (World Bank, 2020). The crisis continues to persist due to the absence of comprehensive policies and programs that effectively address the socio-economic needs of IDPs and host communities. Thus, this study aims to assess the socio-economic consequences of internal displacement in Cameroon, specifically examining the immediate and lasting impacts on displaced individuals and the communities that provide them shelter.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically evaluate the socio-economic implications of internal displacement in Cameroon. Specific objectives of this study are to:

1. To assess the impact of internal displacement on the livelihoods of displaced individuals in Cameroon

2. To analyze the effects of internal displacement on food security of displaced individuals in Cameroon

3. To evaluate the impact of internal displacement on social services in host communities in Cameroon

4. To investigate the impact of internal displacement on social cohesion and community structures among displaces persons and host communities in Cameroon

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

1. 1. 1. What is the impact of internal displacement on the livelihoods of displaced individuals in Cameroon?

      2. What is the effects of internal displacement on food security of displaced individuals in Cameroon?

      3. What is the impact of internal displacement on social services in host communities in Cameroon?

      4. What is the impact of internal displacement on social cohesion and community structures among displaces persons and host communities in Cameroon?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: Internal displacement has no significant socioeconomic implication in Cameroon.

Ha: Internal displacement has a significant socioeconomic implication in Cameroon.

1.6 Significance of the study

The research on the socio-economic implications of internal displacement in Cameroon holds great importance for different parties involved in the humanitarian and development sectors. Appreciating the comprehensive effects of internal displacement on affected communities is essential for developing effective interventions and policies. The results of this study have the potential to positively impact various groups who are committed to addressing the negative consequences of displacement and fostering sustainable development in Cameroon. The study will provide valuable insights for policymakers, humanitarian organizations, and others.

Government bodies at both national and local levels will greatly benefit from this study. Understanding the socio-economic difficulties experienced by displaced populations can provide valuable information for creating targeted policies and strategies to meet their specific needs. This involves enhancing resource allocation, developing focused economic support programs, and improving social services. By studying the underlying causes of displacement and considering the wider social and economic impacts, policymakers will be better equipped to develop policies that are both effective and inclusive.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international humanitarian agencies are important stakeholders that will gain valuable insights from the study's findings. These organizations depend on precise and comprehensive data to strategize and execute their interventions. The study will offer valuable insights into the unique requirements of displaced populations, enabling NGOs to better customize their programs. This encompasses various areas, including emergency relief, livelihood support, education, and health services. Gaining a deep understanding of the socio-economic context of displacement will greatly improve their capacity to coordinate efforts and optimize the effectiveness of their interventions.

The study primarily benefits the displaced persons and host communities within Cameroon. A comprehensive grasp of the socio-economic challenges experienced by these populations will aid in the development of more impactful support mechanisms and interventions. The research findings have the potential to enhance access to essential services, refine integration strategies, and strengthen support systems. This, in turn, will improve the overall quality of life and socio-economic stability for both displaced individuals and their host communities.

Academic institutions and research organizations involved in studying migration, displacement, and development will find the study's insights valuable for advancing scholarly work and contributing to the body of knowledge in this field. The research will provide a comprehensive case study of internal displacement in Cameroon, which can be used as a point of reference for comparative studies and theoretical progress. In addition, it could encourage more research into related topics, such as the lasting effects of displacement on the strength of communities and economic growth.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically evaluate the socio-economic implications of internal displacement in Cameroon. Empirically, this study will discuss the impact of internal displacement on the livelihoods of displaced individuals in Cameroon, the effects of internal displacement on food security of displaced individuals in Cameroon, the impact of internal displacement on social services in host communities in Cameroon and the impact of internal displacement on social cohesion and community structures among displaces persons and host communities in Cameroon.

Geographically, the study will be carried out in Yaoundé, Cameroon.

1.8 Limitations of the study

During the examination, the researchers carefully examined the inherent limitations that are present in all human behaviors. One of the main challenges we faced was the lack of extensive scholarly research on the subject. A notable factor that contributed to the issue was the limited data available regarding evaluating the socio-economic implications of internal displacement in Cameroon. Given the task at hand, it was quite demanding to find the required materials, books, or information and organize the data, requiring a significant investment of time and effort.

In addition, the study's findings may be constrained by the small number of participants and the limited scope of the research, which mainly revolves around Yaoundé, Cameroon. Therefore, the findings of the study have limited practical implications, highlighting the need for further research.

In addition, the individual experienced significant constraints due to financial constraints. As a student with limited financial resources, they had to carefully navigate these constraints throughout their study. The exorbitant transportation fees at the research site proved to be a significant hindrance in meeting the financial obligations tied to travel expenses.

Furthermore, the person had a packed schedule due to their scholarly obligations, including attending lectures and participating in a range of educational pursuits.

1.9 Definition of terms

Internal displaced persons: Internally displaced persons (also known as "IDPs") are "persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized border.".

Mental health: Mental health is a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their community.

Socioeconomic: A way of describing people based on their education, income, and type of job. Socioeconomic status is usually described as low, medium, and high. People with a lower socioeconomic status usually have less access to financial, educational, social, and health resources than those with a higher socioeconomic status.

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